Organization of the body, Body planes and cavities Anatomical Position Movement

Anatomical Position

Anatomical Position, the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forwards.

Body planes and sections

* Sagittal Plane

* Coronal Plane / Frontal Plane

* Transverse plane/ horizontal plane

A sagittal plane of the human body is an imaginary plane that travels from the top to the bottom of the body, dividing it into left and right portions.

The coronal (or frontal) plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front) portions.

A transverse (or horizontal) plane divides the body into cranial and caudal (top and bottom) portions.

Body Cavities

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic / Chest cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Dorsal cavity

Cranial Cavity

Spinal Cavity

The human body consist of the following body cavities;

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial Cavity - enclosed by the skull and contains the bran eyes, and ears.

Spinal Cavity - enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord.

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic Cavity - enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity - enclosed by the ribcage (cranially) and pelvis (caudally) and contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Pelvic cavity - enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and reproductive system.

Thoracic Cavity

• Left pleural cavity – left lung
• Includes right and left pleural cavity and midportion called mediastinum.
• Right pleural cavity – right lung
• Mediastinum

Heart

Trachea

Right and left bronchi

Esophagus

Thymus gland

Aortic arch and thoracic aorta

Venae cavae

Thoracic duct, lymphnodes and nerves.

• The anterior surface of this subject's body is that surface that can be seen (the front,) Posterior surface is that surface that can not be seen (the back.)
• Lateral being farther from the mid line
• medial being closer to the mid line

Ventral and dorsal refer to the anterior and posterior aspects

Abdominal Regions

• Dividing the abdominal surface is into 9 regions:

Left hypochondriac LH

Left lumbar LL

Left iliac LI

Epigastric E

Umbilical U

Hypogastric H

Right hypochondriac RH

Right lumbar RL

Right iliac RI

• These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes
• The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests
• The two vertical lines are the lines drawn from right and left mid clavicular region.

Abdominal Quadrants

— The easiest is to separate the surface into 4 quadrants:

— upper left quadrant ULQ

— lower left quadrant LLQ

— upper right quadrant URQ

— lower right quadrant LRQ

— These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP

ABDUCTION: a movement away from the midline of the body. Abduction also refers to the spreading apart of fingers or toes

ADDUCTION: a movement towards the middle of the body. It also refers to movements of the fingers or toes when they are drawn closer together

DORSIFLEXION: a movement of the foot which brings the toes closer to the shin

PLANTAR FLEXION: a movement of the foot which takes the toes further away from the shin; pointing the toes downwards

EXTENSION: straightening of a joint so that two bones move further apart

FLEXION: bending a joint so that two bones move closer together

CIRCUMDUCTION: a complex movement which combines abduction, adduction, extension, and flexion so that a limb, for example, follows a cone-shaped path. Circumduction incorporates all the movements of ball and socket joints (e.g. hips and shoulder)